64408 8. Endnotes

Posted byJonathan Kobayashi

Did the Universe have a Beginning?

  1. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam, 1990), 38-51.
  2. Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe (New York: Vintage, 2000), 81-82.
  3. George Smoot and Keay Davidson, Wrinkles in Time (New York: Avon, 1993), 36.
  4. Greene, Ibid.
  5. Greene, 83.
  6. Stephen Hawking, ed., Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time: A Reader’s Companion (New York: Bantam, 1992), 63.
  7. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, 39.
  8. Smoot and Davidson, 80-83.
  9. Ibid., 187.
  10. Associated Press, “U.S. Scientists Find a ‘Holy Grail’: Ripples at the Edge of the Universe,” International Herald Tribune (London), April 24, 1992, 1.
  11. Thomas H. Maugh II, “Relics of ‘Big Bang’ Seen for First Time,”
  12. Nightline with Ted Koppel, ABC, April 25, 1992.
  13. Gregg Easterbrook, “Before the Big Bang,” U. S. News & World Report special edition, 2003, 16.
  14. Hugh Ross, “Big Bang Passes Test,” Connections, Qtr. 2, 2003.
  15. Smoot and Davidson, 291.
  16. Bradford A. Smith, “New Eyes on the Universe,” National Geographic, January 1994, 33.
  17. Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001), 224.
  18. Roger Penrose, Shadows of the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 230.
  19. Smoot and Davidson, 30.
  20. Smoot and Davidson, 17.

Why Is Only Earth Suitable for Life?

  1. Quoted in Lee Strobel, The Case for a Creator (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004), 131.
  2. Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001), 53.
  3. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam, 1990), 121–122.
  4. John D. Barrow and George Silk, The Left Hand of Creation: The Origin and Evolution of the Expanding Universe (New York: Basic, 1983), 206.
  5. Lawrence M. Krauss, “The End of the Age Problem and the Case for a Cosmological Constant Revisited,” Astrophysical Journal 501 (1998): 461–466.
  6. Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001), 53.
  7. Ibid., 187.
  8. Ibid., 187-193.
  9. Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay W. Richards, The Privileged Planet (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004), 132–138.
  10. Ibid., 132-138.
  11. Ross. 175-199.
  12. Peter D. Ward and Donald Brownlee, Rare Earth (New York: Copernicus, 2000).
  13. William J. Broad, “Maybe We Are Alone in the Universe After All,” New York Times, (February 8, 2000), 1-4.
  14. Joel Achenbach, “Life Beyond Earth,” National Geographic (January, 2000, Special Millennium Issue), 45.
  15. Hawking, 124.
  16. Gregg Easterbrook, “Before the Big Bang,” U.S. News & World Report, special edition, 2003, 16.

Is the Universe a Product of Design or Chance?

  1. Dietrick E. Thompsen, “The Quantum Universe: A Zero-Point Fluctuation?” Science News, August 3
  2. Hugh Ross, Reasons.org, “Probability for Life on Earth,” April 1, 2004.
  3. Roger Penrose, (1989). The emperor’s new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics. (Oxford University Press).
  4. Paul Davies, Other Worlds (London: Penguin, 1990), 169.
  5. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam, 1990), 190.
  6. John Boslough, Stephen Hawking’s Universe (New York: Avon, 1989), 109.
  7. Martin Rees, Our Cosmic Habitat (London: Phoenix, 2003), 164.
  8. Charles Seife, Alpha and Omega (New York: Viking Penguin, 2003), 222.
  9. Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe (New York: Vintage, 2000), 368.
  10. Paul Davies, Other Worlds (London: Penguin, 1990), 14.
  11. Paul Davies, God and the New Physics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 174.
  12. Gregg Easterbrook, “The New Convergence,” Wired, December 2002, Issue 10.12.
  13. Seife, Ibid.
  14. Carr, B. J. and Rees, M. J. (1979). “The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world”. Nature, 278 (5705), pp. 605-612.
  15. Quoted in Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001), 158.
  16. Hawking, 131.
  17. Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions—The World as I See It (New York: Bonanza, 1931), 40.
  18. Edward Harrison, Masks of the Universe (New York: Collier, 1985), 252, 263.
  19. Arno Penzias, quoted by Walter Bradley in “The Designed ‘Just-so’ Universe”, 1999.

Was Life Designed?

  1. Stephen C. Meyer, Return of the God Hypothesis (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2021), 165.
  2. J.P. Moreland, Scaling the Secular City (Grand rapids: Baker Books, 2000), 221.
  3. Simon Conway Morris, Life’s Solution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 46.
  4. Meyer, Ibid.
  5. Meyer, Ibid.
  6. Meyer, Ibid.
  7. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 1.
  8. Gerald Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 189.
  9. Nicholas Wade, “In Chimpanzee DNA, Signs of Y Chromosome’s Evolution,” New York Times, Sept. 1, 2005, A13.
  10. Cited in William A. Dembski and James M. Kushiner, eds., Signs of Intelligence (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos, 2001), 108.
  11. Schroeder, 192–193.
  12. Nell Boyce, “Triumph of the Helix,” U. S. News & World Report, February 24/March 3, 2003, 41.
  13. Amir D. Aczel, Probability 1 (New York: Harvest, 1998), 88.
  14. Paul Davies, The 5th Miracle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 20.
  15. Michael J. Behe, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 185.
  16. Sir Fred Hoyle, “The Information Content of Life,” The Universe Unfolding (Oxford: Clarendon Press, eds. Sir Hermann Bondi & Miranda Weston-Smith, 1998), 8.
  17. Cited in Meyer, 165.
  18. Aczel, 88.
  19. Francis Crick, Life Itself (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), 88.
  20. Aczel, 88.
  21. Antony Flew, quoted in video, “Has Science Discovered God?” Roy Abraham Varghese’s Institute for Metascientific Research in Garland, Texas, December 2004.
  22. Cited in Gary Habermas, “My Pilgrimage from Atheism to Theism”: Interview with Antony Flew, Philosophia Christi, (Winter, 2005).
  23. Stephen C. Meyer, “DNA and other Designs,” First Things, 102 (April 2000): 30-38.
  24. Meyer, Return of the God Hypothesis, 175.
  25. William A. Dembski and James M. Kushiner, eds., Signs of Intelligence (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos, 2001), 108.

Did Darwin Get it Wrong?

  1. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),1.
  2. Charles Darwin, Origin of Species (New York: Bantam Books, 1999), 158.
  3. Ibid., 156.
  4. Charles Darwin (1860) in letter to Asa Gray, F. Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol, 2, (London: John Murray, 1888), 273.
  5. Gerald L. Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God (New York, NY: Touchstone, 2001), 151.
  6. Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: Free Press, 2003), 22.
  7. Quoted in Lee Strobel, The Case for a Creator (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004), 199.
  8. Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: Free Press, 2003), 69-73.
  9. Macnab, R. (1978), “Bacterial Mobility and Chemotaxis: The Molecular Biology of a Behavioral System,” CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry, vol. 5, issue 4, Dec., 291-341.
  10. William Dembski, “Still Spinning Just Fine: A Response to Ken Miller”, William Dembski@baylor.ed 2.17.03, v.1.01.
  11. Behe, 51.
  12. Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis (Chevy Chase, MD, Adler & Adler, 1986), 328.
  13. Alan Sandage, “A Scientist Reflects on Religious Belief,” Truth: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Christian Thought, Vol. 1, (1985).
  14. James Shapiro, “In the details …what?” National Review, (September 16, 1996), 62-65.

Where Are Darwin’s Missing Fossils?

  1. Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 6th ed. (New York: University Press, 1988), 413.
  2. Darwin, 248.
  3. See previous chapter, “Darwin’s Challenge.”
  4. T. S. Kemp, Fossils and Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 253.
  5. Stephen Jay Gould, “The Evolution of Life,” Scientific American, October 1994.
  6. George Alexander, “Alternative Theory of Evolution Considered,” Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1978.
  7. Niles Eldredge, Reinventing Darwin (London: Phoenix Giant, 1995), 95.
  8. Ibid., 63.
  9. Richard Dawkins, River out of Eden (New York: Basic, 1995), 83.
  10. Stephen Jay Gould, “Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?” (lecture, Hobart and William and Smith College, February 14, 1980).
  11. Stephen Jay Gould, “Evolution’s Erratic Pace,” Natural History, vol.86, May 1977,14.
  12. Quoted in, Thomas Hayden, “A Theory Evolves,” U.S. News & World Report, July 29, 2002, 2.
  13. Wim Kayzer, “A Glorious Accident” (New York: Freeman, 1997), 92.
  14. Quoted in Lee Strobel, The Case for a Creator (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004), 62.
  15. Ibid.
  16. Stephen Jay Gould, The Panda’s Thumb, (W. W. Norton & Company, 1980), 126.
  17. R. C. Lewontin, Human Diversity, (Scientific American  Library, 1995), 163.
  18. Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know about Human Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 246.
  19. John Maynard Smith, “The Importance of Gossip,” article in Rita Carter, Mapping the Mind (London: Phoenix Books, 2002), 257.
  20. Steve Olson, Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002), 87.
  21. Ernst Mayr, What Evolution Is (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 253.
  22. Ibid., 252.
  23. Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger, “The Miracles of Darwinism,” La Recherché, January 1996.
  24. Lewontin, Ibid.
  25. Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory In Crisis (Chevy Chase MD: Adler & Adler, 1986), 358.
  26. Lee Strobel, The Case For A Creator, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan2004), 277.

Is a Designer Revealed in Creation?

  1. Lee Strobel, The Case For A Creator, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan2004), 283.
  2. Fred Hoyle, “Let There Be Light,” Engineering and Science (November 1981).
  3. Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions—The World As I See It (New York: Bonanza, 1931), 40.
  4. Quoted in John Boslough, Stephen Hawking’s Universe (New York: Avon, 1989), 109.
  5. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, 174.
  6. Stephen Hawking, ed., Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time: A Reader’s Companion (New York: Bantam, 1992), 142.
  7. Paul Davies, God and the New Physics (New York: Simon & Schuster, Touchstone, 1984), 199.
  8. Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1998), Prologue
  9. Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomer ((New York: Norton, 1978), 116.
  10. Arthur Schawlow, Biographical Memoirs V. 83 by Steven Chu and Charles H. Townes, (National Academies Press, 2003), 201.
  11. Francis A. Schaeffer, He Is There and He Is Not Silent (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1976), 9.
  12. William Lane Craig, The Kalam Cosmological Argument (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2000), 63.
  13. Francis A. Schaeffer, The God Who Is There (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1968), 118.
  14. Schaeffer, The God Who Is There, 119.
  15. Ibid., 123.
  16. George Smoot and Keay Davidson, Wrinkles in Time (New York: Avon Books, 1993), 17.
  17. H. G. Wells, quoted in Bruce Barton, “H. G. Wells Picks Out the Six Greatest Men in History,” The American Magazine, Vol. 94, July, 1922, 13-14.